The free-ranging elephants in Amboseli have been monitored continuously since 1972, and records of over 3000 individually known elephants are maintained in the Amboseli Elephant Research Project’s (AERP) database (Moss 2001). Births and mortalities of elephants between 1972 and 1975 are known with a precision of 3-6 months, and from 1976 with a precision of 2 weeks to 3 months (Lee et al. 2013). We used data collected until 2012. We categorized elephants in age classes as young calves (0-12 months), older calves (13-24 months), immatures (2-8 years), young adults (9-24 years), prime reproductive adults (25-49) and old adults (50+).