Dataset (DFT-10B) contains structures of the 10 binary alloys AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi. Each alloy system includes all possible unit cells with 1-8 atoms for face-centered cubic (fcc) and body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal types, and all possible unit cells with 2-8 atoms for the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal type. This results in 631 fcc, 631 bcc, and 333 hcp structures, yielding 1595 x 10 = 15,950 unrelaxed structures in total. Lattice parameters for each crystal structure were set according to Vegard's law. Total energies were computed using DFT with projector-augmented wave (PAW) potentials within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) as implemented in the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package (VASP). The k-point meshes for sampling the Brillouin zone were constructed using generalized regular grids.